SupplementsBrand ReviewAug 2026

Doppelherz Magnesium Calcium D3 Reviewed

Search this product and you get the product listing. Nobody tells you whether putting three nutrients in one tablet is better than buying them separately, whether the forms used are the good ones, or what the percentages on the box are actually measured against. This page answers those, with the label verified against two independent listings and every claim tied to a source you can open.

250 mg

Magnesium, as oxide

450 mg

Calcium, as carbonate

10 mcg

Vitamin D3

What Is In the Tablet

The figures below come from the German pharmacy listing for the 120 tablet pack, PZN 16824542, and were cross checked against the Vietnamese retail listing for the 30 tablet box. Both give the same three numbers per tablet, which is the first useful thing to know: the product sold in Vietnam is not a reformulated regional version.

Nutrient	Per tablet	Percent NRV	Compound used
Magnesium	250 mg	67%	Magnesium oxide
Calcium	450 mg	56%	Calcium carbonate
Vitamin D	10 mcg	200%	Cholecalciferol

The rest of the German ingredient list is ordinary tablet engineering: microcrystalline cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone as fillers, food fatty acids, cross linked carboxymethylcellulose and talc as release agents, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and hydroxypropylcellulose as coating agents, a colouring, and coconut oil. Nothing exotic, nothing hidden. The German pack instructs one tablet a day taken with a meal, swallowed whole.

The manufacturer named on the German pack is Queisser Pharma, Schleswiger Strasse 74, 24941 Flensburg, Germany. That is a real, checkable address on a real German pharmacy listing, which is worth more than most of what a product page tells you.

Careful: It Is Not One Product

Doppelherz sells more than one thing under the Magnesium + Calcium + D3 name, and they are not interchangeable. The effervescent version, PZN 06797991, carries different amounts of all three nutrients:

Format	Magnesium	Calcium	Vitamin D
Coated tablet (PZN 16824542)	250 mg	450 mg	10 mcg
Effervescent tablet (PZN 06797991)	300 mg	400 mg	5 mcg

The effervescent version delivers 20 percent more magnesium and half the vitamin D. Other formats exist that I did not verify, so treat this table as covering the two packs I actually read rather than the full range. If you are comparing a price or a review, check which format it refers to first, because a comparison across formats is not a comparison of the same product.

Does Putting Them In One Tablet Help or Hurt

This is the question the product page cannot answer, so start with the honest baseline. I searched PubMed for a randomised trial comparing a combined calcium plus magnesium plus vitamin D tablet against the same three nutrients taken separately, and found none. I cannot rule out that such a trial exists somewhere unindexed, but it is not in the literature I can reach. Anyone telling you the combination is better, or that it is a marketing trick, is not working from trial evidence either way.

What has been tested is the interaction itself, in both directions, in small human metabolic studies. The popular claim is that calcium and magnesium compete for absorption, so a combined tablet wastes both. The direct evidence does not support that claim, though it is thin enough that you should hold it loosely:

Calcium added, magnesium measured

A 56 day metabolic balance study put eight adult men on a diet supplying 697 mg of calcium a day, then added a further 900 mg of calcium a day as milk, calcium chloride or a calcium carbonate preparation. The three supplements did significantly change magnesium absorption and urinary magnesium excretion, and they changed them in different ways. But they had no overall effect on magnesium retention. The authors added their own caveat, which matters: people who are chronically in negative calcium balance may respond differently. Note also that the extra calcium load tested was double what this tablet supplies.

Magnesium added, calcium measured

The reverse experiment used a radioactive calcium tracer in five adult males under strictly controlled diets. Magnesium was given as magnesium oxide, pushing total magnesium intake to between 789 and 826 mg a day, at two calcium intakes, 241 mg and 812 mg. Intestinal calcium absorption did not change at either calcium intake. Two things did shift, and both belong in the sentence: the one hour tracer level in plasma was higher on the high magnesium intake, and urinary calcium rose during magnesium supplementation at the low calcium intake only, with calcium balance becoming more negative, although that difference was not statistically significant.

Five men and eight men. That is the size of the direct human evidence base, and both studies enrolled men only. So the fair conclusion is not that the combination is proven safe from interference. It is that the best available direct measurements did not find the interference the internet insists on, at doses at or above what this tablet delivers.

The pairing with a better mechanistic case is magnesium and vitamin D. A 2018 review argues that the enzymes which metabolise vitamin D in the liver and kidneys appear to require magnesium as a cofactor. Note the hedge, which the review itself uses: they seem to require it. A review is not a trial.

The trial that tested it is more interesting than the slogan. A double blind randomised study with a two by two factorial design enrolled 180 participants aged 40 to 85, nested inside a larger colorectal cancer prevention trial that recruited 250, registered as NCT03265483. Because it was a factorial design, roughly half of those 180 received magnesium rather than all of them. The result cut both ways: magnesium raised 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 when the starting level was around 30 ng/mL, but lowered it when the starting level was higher, in the range of roughly 30 to 50 ng/mL. So the accurate summary is that magnesium status appears to influence vitamin D metabolism, in a direction that depends on where you start. It is not that magnesium boosts your vitamin D.

The Forms It Uses, and Why That Is a Packing Decision

Magnesium oxide and calcium carbonate are the two most concentrated mineral salts on the shelf. That is precisely why they are here. Fitting 250 mg of elemental magnesium and 450 mg of elemental calcium into one swallowable tablet is far easier with oxide and carbonate than with glycinate or citrate, which carry much more bulk per unit of mineral. The form choice is driven by tablet size and cost at least as much as by absorption.

The evidence on magnesium oxide absorption is mixed, not one sided, and it would be easy to quote only the half that suits an argument. Here is both halves:

Against oxide

A 2001 study in normal volunteers given roughly 21 mEq a day reported relatively poor bioavailability for magnesium oxide, with fractional absorption of 4 percent, while magnesium chloride, lactate and aspartate were significantly higher and equivalent to each other. Two caveats belong with that number: absorption was inferred indirectly from the increase in urinary magnesium, and the abstract does not state how many volunteers took part.

For oxide, or at least against writing it off

A 2024 double blind randomised crossover study in 40 healthy men and women found plasma magnesium rose significantly one hour after magnesium oxide, while magnesium bisglycinate produced no significant rise at any measured timepoint. That study was funded by an ingredient company testing its own microencapsulated magnesium against those comparators, which is a reason to weight it carefully rather than to discard it.

Test tube work, labelled as such

A 2018 study using a standardised laboratory digestion method and Caco-2 cell monolayers found magnesium recovery from magnesium chloride and a marine derived multimineral greater than from magnesium oxide. That is cell and test tube work, not people, and the authors were employed by or funded by the ingredient maker. It cannot tell you what happens in a human gut.

Pulling both halves together: magnesium oxide is probably absorbed less efficiently than several alternatives, the size of the gap is disputed, and the human studies on both sides are small and often funded by someone selling a competing form. If the form is what you care about, the comparison is laid out properly in the magnesium glycinate versus citrate guide rather than repeated here.

One practical point does have direct support. The German pack says to take the tablet with a meal. A study giving magnesium citrate or magnesium oxide at 486 mg of magnesium a day for two weeks, to seven healthy subjects and four patients with recurrent calcium oxalate stones, found that dosing with meals produced larger rises in urinary magnesium than dosing on an empty stomach. That is consistent with the instruction on the box.

Reading the Percentages Properly

The percentages on a European supplement label are measured against Nutrient Reference Values fixed in Annex XIII of Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011. Those values are 800 mg for calcium, 375 mg for magnesium and 5 micrograms for vitamin D. Every percentage on this pack checks out arithmetically against them. But two of those percentages mislead if you read them as a portion of what you need.

The vitamin D figure

The pack reads 200 percent NRV, which sounds like twice a day's worth. The NRV it is measured against is 5 micrograms, a labelling reference value fixed in 2011. In 2016 EFSA, the EU's own food safety authority, set an adequate intake for vitamin D of 15 micrograms a day for healthy people over one year old, including pregnant and lactating women. Against that figure, 10 micrograms is two thirds of a day's intake, not double. Both numbers are correct. They answer different questions, and the label is obliged to print the one that flatters it.

The magnesium figure

250 mg reads as a modest 67 percent NRV. It is also, to the milligram, the tolerable upper intake level the EU Scientific Committee on Food set for magnesium from supplements in its October 2001 opinion. That level was derived from a no observed adverse effect level of 250 mg a day with an uncertainty factor of 1.0, and the opinion names magnesium oxide among the compounds it covers.

Two qualifications have to travel with that upper level or it becomes a scare story. First, it deliberately excludes magnesium naturally present in food and drink, so it is a ceiling on the supplement portion rather than a total daily limit. Second, the effect it is built on is mild. The committee described a transient laxative effect without lasting harm, readily reversible, with considerable adaptation developing within days, and put the level at which mild diarrhoea appeared in a small percentage of adults at roughly 360 to 365 mg a day. This is not a toxicity threshold.

What it does mean concretely: one tablet uses the entire supplemental magnesium allowance that opinion describes. Someone already taking a separate magnesium product is stacking on top of it, and the effervescent format at 300 mg sits above the figure on its own. Whether any of that matters for a given person is a conversation for a pharmacist or doctor, not something a web page should decide.

The calcium figure is the plainest of the three. 450 mg is 56 percent of the labelling reference value, so this tablet is a partial calcium contribution, not a calcium replacement for anyone who has been told their intake is low.

What the Label Is Legally Allowed To Claim

This is an underused way to calibrate a supplement. In the EU, the everyday function claims a manufacturer may print are listed in Regulation (EU) No 432/2012. Read that regulation's own title, because it sets the limit of what it covers: it establishes a list of permitted health claims made on foods, "other than those referring to the reduction of disease risk and to children's development and health". Those two categories are authorised separately, one application at a time, so the full picture is 432/2012 plus those separate authorisations. For these three nutrients the authorised function wordings include:

Magnesium contributes to normal muscle function, to normal functioning of the nervous system, to a reduction of tiredness and fatigue, and to the maintenance of normal bones
Calcium is needed for the maintenance of normal bones and teeth, and contributes to normal muscle function and normal neurotransmission
Vitamin D contributes to normal absorption and utilisation of calcium and phosphorus, to normal blood calcium levels, and to the maintenance of normal bones and muscle function

Read what is missing. Every one of those is a contributes to normal or is needed for claim. Not one of them says prevents, treats, reverses or cures. No authorised claim says any of these three nutrients stops cramps or rebuilds bone, so a seller who tells you it does has gone past what the regulator allows the manufacturer to say.

Bone is the one place where the picture is more interesting, and it is easy to get backwards. A separate regulation, (EU) No 1228/2014, does authorise a disease risk reduction claim for calcium: "Calcium helps to reduce the loss of bone mineral in post-menopausal women. Low bone mineral density is a risk factor for osteoporotic bone fractures". It may be used only where a quantified portion supplies at least 400 mg of calcium, and the buyer must also be told that the claim is aimed at women 50 and older and that the effect comes with at least 1,200 mg of calcium a day from all sources. At 450 mg per tablet, this product clears that 400 mg threshold. Two related claims in the same regulation need at least 15 micrograms of vitamin D per daily portion, one for calcium with vitamin D and one for vitamin D and the risk of falling, and at 10 micrograms this tablet falls short of both. So the useful test is not that every bone claim is forbidden. It is that the one bone claim which is allowed comes in that exact wording, for that exact group, at that exact dose.

Vietnam has an equivalent guard rail, printed as a required sentence on health protection food packaging and advertising: the product is not a medicine and does not replace medicinal treatment. On this product the Vietnamese wording is "Thực phẩm này không phải là thuốc và không có tác dụng thay thế thuốc chữa bệnh". It appears on the official Vietnamese product page, and its absence from a box is a signal worth noticing.

The Cramp Question, Answered Precisely

Night cramps are one of the main reasons this category sells, so it deserves the actual numbers rather than a verdict. A 2020 Cochrane review pooled 11 randomised trials enrolling 735 people in total across both arms, with a further 118 crossover participants also serving as their own controls. Five trials enrolled women with pregnancy associated leg cramps, five enrolled people with idiopathic cramps, and one enrolled people with liver cirrhosis.

Outcome at 4 weeks, idiopathic cramps	Magnesium vs placebo	Pooled from
Percent change in cramps per week	9.59% fewer (95% CI 23.14% fewer to 3.97% more)	3 studies, 177 participants
Cramps per week	0.18 fewer (95% CI 0.84 fewer to 0.49 more)	5 studies, 307 participants
Achieved a 25% or better reduction	RR 1.04 (95% CI 0.84 to 1.29)	3 studies, 177 participants

Every one of those confidence intervals crosses no effect. The reviewers concluded it is unlikely that magnesium provides clinically meaningful cramp prevention to older adults with skeletal muscle cramps, and the population that result applies to is specific: largely older adults, mean ages across those trials running from 61.6 to 69.3 years, presumed to have nocturnal leg cramps.

The same review says something else in the same breath, and dropping it would be dishonest. For pregnancy associated rest cramps the literature is conflicting and further research is needed, so that group is not covered by the conclusion above. And the review found no randomised trials at all evaluating magnesium for exercise associated cramps. Untested is not the same as disproven.

On tolerability the review was careful too. Major adverse events and withdrawals due to adverse events were not significantly different from placebo. More participants reported minor adverse events on magnesium, but the estimate was RR 1.51 with a 95 percent confidence interval of 0.98 to 2.33 across 4 studies and 254 participants, rated low certainty, and that interval includes no difference. The events were mostly gastrointestinal, diarrhoea being the typical one, affecting between 11 percent and 37 percent of participants depending on the trial, against 10 percent to 14 percent in the control groups.

Who This Actually Fits

The strongest sales pitch for a calcium plus vitamin D product is fracture prevention, so that claim deserves the closest reading. An evidence review prepared for the US Preventive Services Task Force pooled 11 randomised trials covering 51,419 adults aged 50 and over, run over two to seven years. Supplementation with vitamin D plus calcium showed no effect on total fractures in the one trial that reported that outcome, which randomised 36,282 participants, with an absolute risk difference of 0.35 percent lower and a confidence interval running from 1.02 percent lower to 0.31 percent higher. Hip fracture results across two trials were similarly flat.

Read the exclusion criteria before you read that result. That review deliberately excluded trials in people who were institutionalised, or who had known vitamin D deficiency, osteoporosis, or a prior fracture. It describes community dwelling adults without those conditions. It is not evidence about someone with diagnosed osteoporosis or a documented deficiency, and it should never be quoted as if it were.

The same review found vitamin D with calcium associated with a small increase in kidney stones, pooled from 3 trials covering 39,213 participants, an absolute risk difference of 0.33 percent with a confidence interval of 0.06 to 0.60 percent. Small, but it is a real signal and it points at exactly the people who should be asking a doctor first.

Two pieces of Vietnam specific context are worth having, both narrower than they first appear. A cross sectional study in northern Vietnam measured 269 women and 222 men aged 13 to 83, randomly selected from urban and rural areas, and found vitamin D deficiency, defined as below 20 ng/mL, in 30 percent of women and 16 percent of men. Urban residency and being under 30 predicted deficiency in women, and winter season predicted it in men. That is northern Vietnam, not the whole country, and the sun exposure picture in the south differs.

Separately, a study of 1,944 Vietnamese pregnant women, assessed by food frequency questionnaire against Vietnamese recommended nutrient intakes, found calcium intake below the recommendation, along with folate, iron and zinc, with almost all participants failing to meet those recommendations. That finding is about pregnant women specifically. It cannot be stretched into a statement about Vietnamese adults in general, and pregnancy is precisely the situation where nutrient decisions belong with an obstetrician rather than a shelf.

Where does that leave the product? The evidence best supports a plain framing: it is a convenient way to add a moderate amount of three commodity nutrients to a diet that is short of them in the first place. The evidence does not support it as a treatment for anything, as fracture prevention in an ordinary healthy adult, or as a cramp remedy in older adults. Anyone with kidney disease, a history of kidney stones, diagnosed osteoporosis, or who takes regular medication has a specific question that a pharmacist or doctor should answer, because several common drugs interact with both calcium and magnesium.

Checking a Box in Vietnam

Doppelherz is a pharmacy counter purchase here, which is a reasonably good channel, but a pharmacy shelf is not a guarantee of provenance. These are the identifiers a genuine Vietnamese pack should carry, all of them published on the official Vietnamese product page and the major pharmacy listings:

Declaration number: 4404/2023/DKSP, shown on the pack as 4404/2023/ĐKSP
Advertising confirmation number: 1070/2023/XNQC-ATTP
Company responsible in Vietnam: MASTERTRAN Joint Stock Company, business registration 0105381169, Nam Tu Liem district, Hanoi
Manufacturer: Queisser Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Schleswiger Strasse 74, 24941 Flensburg, Germany
Composition per tablet: Vitamin D3 10 mcg, Calcium 450 mg, Magnesium 250 mg
Required disclaimer: The Vietnamese sentence stating the product is not a medicine and does not replace medical treatment

The strongest check costs nothing and depends on no one's honesty: the German pack and the Vietnamese pack should agree on the numbers. 250, 450, 10. If a box in front of you claims different amounts under the same product name, you are either looking at a different format, such as the effervescent one above, or at something that is not what it says it is.

What that declaration number does and does not mean

Under Decree 15/2018/ND-CP, a health protection food sold in Vietnam needs a certificate of receipt of product declaration registration, issued by the food safety authority, which has 21 working days to appraise the dossier for this product category. That is a registration of a declaration. It confirms paperwork was filed and accepted. It is not an efficacy approval, it is not a drug licence, and it does not mean the state analysed the contents of the tablet. A number on the box tells you the file exists. Treating a registration number as proof of effect is the single most common misreading in this whole category.

Beyond that, the honest position is that I found no published independent laboratory analysis of a Vietnamese market Doppelherz box, and no official counterfeit alert naming this specific product. The absence of an alert is not evidence that counterfeits do not exist. It means nobody has published on it, which is a different and weaker thing.

Is the Price Justified

Read on 5 August 2026, a major Vietnamese pharmacy chain listed the 30 tablet box, sold as three blisters of ten, at 375,000 VND. That works out at 12,500 VND per tablet, or per daily serving, since the label specifies one tablet a day. Prices move, so treat that as a snapshot rather than a current quote.

What that buys is 250 mg of magnesium as oxide, 450 mg of calcium as carbonate, and 10 micrograms of cholecalciferol. All three are commodity ingredients that cost very little at raw material level. So the premium is not being paid for a rare or superior form. It is being paid for a German manufacturer with a checkable address, an intact regulatory file in Vietnam, a pharmacy channel, and the reduced hassle of one tablet instead of three.

That is a real thing to value, and for many buyers it is the right trade. It is worth being clear about what it is, though. Someone whose priority is the most absorbable magnesium is not getting it here, because the salt used is the cheapest and most concentrated one. Someone whose priority is a trusted supply chain and one tablet instead of three is getting exactly what they paid for. Those are different buyers with different answers, and no product page will separate them for you.

What I Could Not Verify

A review is only worth reading if it tells you where it ran out of evidence. Four things I could not confirm and therefore do not assert:

The brand heritage claims repeated across Vietnamese retail listings, such as a company history of over 100 years and the number one position in the German vitamin and mineral market. The manufacturer sites returned access errors, so those figures are unverified marketing copy here, not facts.
Any per batch certificate of analysis for this product. I found none published, so I cannot tell you whether label amounts are independently confirmed for a given lot.
Whether the tablets sold in Vietnam are manufactured at the Flensburg site or elsewhere. The German listing names the company, not the production site for the Vietnamese market stock.
The full range of formats sold under this product name. I verified two, the coated tablet and the effervescent tablet, and there may be others with different amounts.

None of those gaps are unusual for this category. They are worth naming because a page that only lists what it found reads more confident than the evidence justifies.

The Short Version

One tablet gives 250 mg magnesium as oxide, 450 mg calcium as carbonate and 10 micrograms of vitamin D3. The German and Vietnamese packs agree on all three figures.
No trial has ever compared a combined tablet against the same three nutrients taken separately, so the convenience argument is untested rather than proven.
The popular claim that calcium blocks magnesium is not supported by the direct human measurements, though those studies covered only eight and five adult men.
The 200 percent vitamin D figure is measured against a 2011 labelling value of 5 micrograms. Against EFSA adequate intake of 15 micrograms, the 10 micrograms here is two thirds of a day.
The 250 mg of magnesium sits exactly at the EU upper level for supplemental magnesium, a level built on a mild reversible laxative effect and excluding food sources.
For older adults with idiopathic night cramps, pooled trial evidence shows no meaningful benefit. Pregnancy related cramps are a separate and unresolved question, and exercise cramps are untested.
Every authorised EU function claim for these nutrients is a contributes to normal or is needed for claim, and none says prevents, treats or cures. Separately, an authorised disease risk reduction claim links calcium to reduced loss of bone mineral in post-menopausal women, usable only at 400 mg or more per portion, which this tablet clears.
To check a Vietnamese box: declaration 4404/2023, advertising confirmation 1070/2023, the named responsible company, and composition matching 250, 450, 10.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is actually in one Doppelherz Magnesium + Calcium + D3 tablet?+

One tablet supplies 250 mg magnesium, 450 mg calcium and 10 micrograms of vitamin D3. The German pharmacy listing for the 120 tablet pack gives the same three figures as the Vietnamese listing, and names the source compounds as magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate and cholecalciferol. Those percentages you see on the pack, 67 percent, 56 percent and 200 percent, are measured against the EU labelling reference values of 375 mg, 800 mg and 5 micrograms.

Does calcium block magnesium absorption in a combined tablet?+

The direct human evidence does not support that, though it is thin. In a 56 day metabolic balance study, eight adult men on a 697 mg calcium diet were given an extra 900 mg of calcium a day. Absorption and urinary excretion of magnesium did change, but overall magnesium retention did not. A separate study in five adult males found that pushing magnesium intake to around 826 mg a day did not change calcium absorption measured with a radioactive tracer. Both studies are very small and enrolled men only, so this is the best available answer rather than a settled one.

Is 250 mg of magnesium in one tablet too much?+

It sits exactly at the upper level the EU Scientific Committee on Food set for magnesium from supplements, which is 250 mg a day and explicitly covers magnesium oxide. Two things matter alongside that. The figure covers only supplemental magnesium and deliberately excludes magnesium from food, and the effect it is built on is a mild, reversible laxative effect rather than a toxicity. It does mean one tablet uses that whole supplemental allowance, so anyone also taking a separate magnesium product is stacking on top of it. Whether that is appropriate is a question for a pharmacist or doctor.

Will it stop night cramps?+

A 2020 Cochrane review of 11 trials in 735 people found that in older adults with idiopathic cramps, magnesium produced no clinically meaningful reduction against placebo. The difference in cramps per week at four weeks was 0.18 fewer, with a confidence interval running from 0.84 fewer to 0.49 more. The same review was explicit that the picture is different in pregnancy associated rest cramps, where the literature is conflicting and more research is needed, and it found no trials at all for exercise related cramps.

How do I tell a genuine Vietnamese box from a fake?+

The Vietnamese pack should carry declaration number 4404/2023/DKSP, advertising confirmation number 1070/2023/XNQC-ATTP, the name of the company legally responsible in Vietnam, and the mandatory sentence stating the product is not a medicine. The composition should read 250 mg magnesium, 450 mg calcium and 10 micrograms of vitamin D3, matching the German pack exactly. Understand what that declaration number means, though: it confirms a dossier was filed and accepted by the food authority, not that the state tested the contents or approved any health effect.

Sources & References

Peer reviewed literature. The population and country each study covers is stated in the text above rather than generalised.

Calcium supplements and milk: effects on acid-base balance and on retention of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus · Lewis NM, Marcus MS, Behling AR, Greger JL. · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1989) PMID:2923085
Effect of magnesium on the intestinal absorption of calcium in man · Spencer H, Fuller H, Norris C, Williams D. · Journal of the American College of Nutrition (1994) PMID:7836628
Role of Magnesium in Vitamin D Activation and Function · Uwitonze AM, Razzaque MS. · Journal of the American Osteopathic Association (2018) PMID:29480918
Magnesium status and supplementation influence vitamin D status and metabolism: results from a randomized trial · Dai Q, Zhu X, Manson JE, et al. · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2018) PMID:30541089
Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations · Firoz M, Graber M. · Magnesium Research (2001) PMID:11794633
Comparative Clinical Study on Magnesium Absorption and Side Effects After Oral Intake of Microencapsulated Magnesium Versus Other Magnesium Sources · Pajuelo D, Meissner JM, Negra T, Connolly A, Mullor JL. · Nutrients (industry funded) (2024) PMID:39770988
Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of a Marine-Derived Multimineral, Aquamin-Magnesium (in vitro digestion and Caco-2 cell model, not human) · Felice VD, O’Gorman DM, O’Brien NM, Hyland NP. · Nutrients (industry affiliated) (2018) PMID:30018220
Effect of magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide on the crystallization of calcium salts in urine: changes produced by food-magnesium interaction · Lindberg J, Harvey J, Pak CY. · Journal of Urology (1990) PMID:2299712
Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps (Cochrane systematic review) · Garrison SR, Korownyk CS, Kolber MR, et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2020) PMID:32956536
Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Evidence Report for the US Preventive Services Task Force · Kahwati LC, Weber RP, Pan H, et al. · JAMA (2018) PMID:29677308
Vitamin D deficiency in northern Vietnam: prevalence, risk factors and associations with bone mineral density · Nguyen HT, von Schoultz B, Nguyen TV, et al. · Bone (2012) PMID:22878155
Low Dietary Intakes of Essential Nutrients during Pregnancy in Vietnam · Nguyen CL, Hoang DV, Nguyen PTH, et al. · Nutrients (2018) PMID:30082626

Primary documents, labels and regulations, all read on 5 August 2026: